BOSTON -- September 10, 2008 -- Both higher fish consumption and longer breastfeeding are linked to better physical and cognitive development in infants, according to a study in the September issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
These findings provide further evidence that the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish and compounds in breast milk are beneficial to infant development. Maternal fish consumption and longer breastfeeding were independently beneficial.
"These results, together with findings from other studies of women in the US and the United Kingdom, provide additional evidence that moderate maternal fish intake during pregnancy does not harm child development and may on balance be beneficial," said lead author Emily Oken, MD, Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, Massachusetts.
The researchers looked at 25,446 children born to mothers participating in the Danish Birth Cohort, a study that includes pregnant women enrolled from 1997 to 2002.
Mothers were interviewed about child development markers at 6 and 18 months postpartum and were asked about their breastfeeding at 6 months postpartum. Prenatal diet, including amounts and types of fish consumed weekly, was assessed by a detailed food frequency questionnaire administered when they were 6 months pregnant.
During the interviews mothers were asked about specific physical and cognitive developmental milestones such as whether the child at 6 months could hold up his/her head, sit with a straight back, sit unsupported, respond to sound or voices, imitate sounds, or crawl.
At 18 months, they were asked about more advanced milestones such as whether the child could climb stairs, remove his/her socks, drink from a cup, write or draw, use word-like sounds and put words together, and whether they could walk unassisted.
The children whose mothers ate the most fish during pregnancy were more likely to have better motor and cognitive skills. Among mothers who ate the least fish, 5.7% of their children had the lowest developmental scores at 18 months, compared with only 3.7% of children whose mothers had the highest fish intake.
Compared with women who ate the least fish, women with the highest fish intake (mean 60 grams per day) had children 25% more likely to have higher developmental scores at 6 months and almost 30% more likely to have higher scores at 18 months.
Longer duration of breastfeeding was also associated with better infant development, especially at 18 months. Breast milk also contains omega-3 fatty acids. The benefit of fish consumption was similar among infants breastfed for shorter or longer durations.
"In previous work in a population of US women, we similarly found that higher prenatal fish consumption was associated with an overall benefit for child cognitive development, but that higher mercury levels attenuated this benefit," said Dr. Oken.
"Therefore, women should continue to eat fish, especially during pregnancy, but should choose fish types likely to be lower in mercury."
SOURCE: Harvard Medical School
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